CD molecules (leukocyte differentiation antigens) are membrane protein markers distributed on the surface of immune cells and other cells, and are widely involved in cell recognition, adhesion, signal transduction, and activation regulation. As a key tool for identifying immune cell subsets, the CD molecule family encompasses diverse types such as receptors, ligands, and adhesion molecules (e.g., CD40, CD47, CD28), and plays a pivotal role in antigen presentation, co-stimulatory signal delivery, and immune response regulation.

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