Ion Channels

Ion channels are membrane proteins that form transmembrane hydrophilic pores, selectively allowing ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cl⁻ to flow across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient. They perform core functions in neuronal excitation conduction, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and cell volume regulation; their gating mechanisms are regulated by various factors such as voltage, ligands, and mechanical force, making them important targets in neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and pain research.