GPCRs

G protein-coupled receptors are a superfamily of membrane receptors with seven transmembrane domains that, upon ligand binding, activate G proteins and regulate the production of second messengers such as cAMP, Ca²⁺, and IP3, thereby mediating cellular responses to external signals. GPCRs are widely involved in cell migration, inflammatory responses, neurotransmission, and metabolic regulation; their functional aberrations are associated with various diseases, making them a core drug target class in the pharmaceutical field.