Biomarkers

Biomarkers are objectively measurable and evaluable biological indicator molecules, encompassing proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolic small molecules, detectable in tissues, blood, and other body fluids. They reflect normal physiological processes, pathological states, or biological effects after drug intervention, holding core application value in early disease diagnosis, prognosis judgment, medication guidance, and clinical trials, and serving as important tools for individualized medicine and precision therapy.