Plant Metabolic Enzymes

Plant metabolic enzymes are collections of various catalytic enzymes participating in plant material and energy metabolism, including key enzymes of secondary-metabolite biosynthesis, amino-acid and nitrogen metabolism, lipid and sugar metabolism, antioxidant defense systems, and toxin and herbicide-detoxification metabolism—holding a central position in plant physiological-metabolism research, metabolic engineering, crop-quality improvement, and natural-product development. These enzymes include: phenylpropanoid-pathway enzymes (PAL, TAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, CCoAOMT, F5H, COMT, CCR, CAD); flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes (CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, ANR, UGT78); terpene synthases (GGPPPS, FPPS, IDI, TPS family); sulfur-containing and alkaloid-metabolism enzymes (SAM, MAT, glucosinolate synthases); amino-acid and nitrogen-metabolism enzymes (GS, GOGAT, NR, NiR, AAT); antioxidant and ROS-metabolism enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, GR); lipid-metabolism enzymes (ACCase, FAD, DGAT, LOX); herbicide-metabolism enzymes (CYP74/CYP76/CYP81, GST, UGT73C); and enzymes in jasmonic- and salicylic-acid signaling (LOX, AOS, HPL, PAL, ICS). Plant metabolic-enzyme targets are key molecular tools for understanding metabolic networks, metabolic engineering of specific natural products, breeding high-nutrition and stress-resistant varieties, metabolic marking and traceability, and herbicide/insecticide resistance and green-agriculture technology.