Enteroviruses

Enterovirus (Picornaviridae) includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses A/B, echovirus, and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and D68, spreading fecal-orally to cause hand-foot-mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Capsid proteins VP1–VP4 form the virion; VP1 is the core target for serotyping, neutralizing antibodies, and vaccines (e.g., inactivated EV-A71 vaccine). Nonstructural 2A, 3C protease, and 3D polymerase are replication and antiviral nodes. Recombinant VP1, VP2, VP3, and proteases support enterovirus diagnostic typing, ELISA/immunofluorescence assays, vaccine development, and neutralizing antibody screening.